"Bert Hickman" <bert_hickman@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> wrote in message
news:m6ydncqLDeM6Nf7VnZ2dnUVZ_r7inZ2d@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> Vince Morgan wrote:
> Hi Vince,
>
> You read correctly. A similar paper, "Arc-liberated chemical energy
> exceeds electrical input energy" can also be found in the Journal of
> Plasma Physics (UK) (2000), 63: 115-128, by Dr. Peter Graneau. Other
> papers dealing with underwater electrical explosions include:
>
> "Electrodynamic explosions in liquids", Applied Physics Letters, March
> 1, 1985, Volume 46, Issue 5, pp. 468-470, by Peter Graneau and P. Neal
> Graneau
>
> "Powerful water-plasma explosions", Physics Letters A, Volume 117, Issue
> 2, 28 July 1986, Pages 101-105, by Roy Azevedo, Peter Graneau, Charles
> Millet, Neal Graneau
>
> "The Anomalous Strength of Cold Fog Explosions Caused by Water Arcs",
> Pulsed Power '98 (Digest No. 1998/258 and 1998/441), IEE Symposium on
> 1-2 Apr 1998 Page(s):40/1 - 40/3, by Neal Graneau
>
> In the first cited paper above, Dr. Graneau used a capacitor bank with
> known initial energy to create an underwater arc within a volume of
> water inside a thick steel tube. The explosive capacitor discharge
> creates a fog that exits the tube at high velocity (100 - 1000 m/s)
> depending on the initial bank energy. Graneau measured the momentum and
> energy of the high velocity water fog using a ballistic pendulum. He
> found that, for many (but not all) "shots", the kinetic energy of the
> water jet exceeded the initial energy of the capacitor bank by as much
> as 40%. Additional energy was (apparently) liberated from the media, but
> the mechanisms have not been identified. The phenomenon was relatively
> repeatable...
>
> Bert
> --
I find this subject very interesting. The more I think about it the more
weird it seems to be.
An emission spectra would be interesting to examine I think.
There would have to be very rapid component separation within the plasma,
surely. But, as little gas is found in the final products it would appear
that they also recombine rapidly. The recombination should be implosive?
The lack of steam indicates a largely adiabatic process? There is a
pressure wave but apparently the overall pressure normalizes very rapidly
and leaves no residual expansion of the products. So how do the water
droplets form? If it is condensate it shouldn't be a 'cold fog'. A
shockwave of sufficient magnitude would be a likely candidate I would
think.
I can't see a transition from bulk water to droplets releasing much
energy,
if any at all. But then again, I don't have the skills to determine this
at
all.
However, as small water droplets can ionize perhaps they do become
repulsive.
If this is true and there is to be found excess energy (and apparently
there
is) the source for that should be found either within the plasma, or in
very
close proximity to it one would think.
Regards,
Vince
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